What is Climate Change?

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts can occur naturally, such as through changes in the solar cycle. However, since the 1800s, human activities have been the primary driver of climate change, mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Burning these fuels releases greenhouse gases, which act like a blanket surrounding the Earth, trapping the Sun’s heat and causing temperatures to rise.

Examples of greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change include carbon dioxide and methane. These gases are released from activities such as driving vehicles powered by oil, burning coal to heat buildings, and clearing land or forests, which also releases carbon dioxide. Landfills are a significant source of methane emissions. Key sectors responsible for emissions include energy, industry, transportation, buildings, agriculture, and land use.

The Importance of Limiting Global Warming

In a United Nations report, thousands of scientists and government reviewers agreed that limiting the global temperature increase to no more than 1.5°C would help us avoid the worst climate impacts and keep our planet livable. However, under current policies, temperatures are projected to rise by as much as 2.8°C by the end of this century.

Greenhouse gas emissions come from all parts of the world and affect everyone, but some countries emit far more than others. The 100 countries with the lowest emissions account for just 3% of total emissions, while the 10 highest-emitting countries contribute about 68%. Everyone must take climate action, but those who cause the greatest harm bear a greater responsibility to act first.

We Face Enormous Challenges—But We Already Know Many Solutions

Many climate change solutions can deliver economic benefits while improving our quality of life and protecting the environment. We also have global frameworks and agreements to guide action, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the Paris Agreement. Broadly, there are three key types of action:

1. Reducing emissions
2. Adapting to climate impacts
3. Providing finance for the necessary transitions

Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, can significantly cut climate-warming emissions—but action must start now. While an increasing number of countries are committing to net zero emissions by 2050, global emissions need to be cut roughly in half by 2030 to keep warming below 1.5°C. Fossil fuel production will need to decline by around 6% per year between 2020 and 2030.

Adapting to Climate Impacts

Adaptation measures protect people, homes, businesses, livelihoods, infrastructure, and natural ecosystems from both current and future climate impacts. Adaptation is needed everywhere, but priority must be given to the most vulnerable populations—those with the least resources to cope with climate hazards. The return on investment for adaptation can be high: for example, early warning systems for disasters can save lives and property, offering benefits up to 10 times greater than their initial cost.

https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change

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